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DSIP (delta sleep-inducing peptide)

Also called Emideltide, Delta sleep-inducing peptide, Delta sleeping inducing peptide, DSIP nonapeptide, Delta sleep peptide.

DSIP is a tiny chain of nine amino acids (the building blocks of proteins). Scientists first found it in rabbit blood in the 1970s during sleep experiments. It is not an approved medicine anywhere we could verify. Human studies were small and old, and results were mixed. Nobody has found its gene or receptor, so how it might work is still unclear.

DSIP (delta sleep-inducing peptide) is not an approved medicine for these uses in most countries. This page explains the science and the law; it does not give dosing, sourcing or usage advice.

How strong is the evidence?

AnecdoteAnimalsHuman trialsApproved
Small human. Small or uncontrolled studies in people.Human evidence is small, old and mixed, and all of it used intravenous injection. Chronic insomnia: FDA's 2026 review focused on three studies and also described several other small reports. A 6-person crossover study reported only tendencies toward fewer awakenings and higher sleep efficiency; a 14-person study without a placebo arm (compared with an external matched group) reported shorter time to fall asleep (58.4 to 27.6 minutes) and more total sleep time, but FDA judged its methods poor; and the 16-patient double-blind parallel-group study of Bes 1992 concluded that the statistically significant effects were weak and that short-term treatment is not likely to be of major therapeutic benefit. FDA also noted that a second double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study in 6 patients (Monti 1987) found no significant differences from placebo. Withdrawal: an uncontrolled open-label report in 107 inpatients with alcohol or opiate withdrawal described improved signs and symptoms, but had no comparison group or blinding; FDA also described a 7-patient open-label opioid detoxification study (Backmund 1998) with no comparison group. Narcolepsy: a single-patient case report. FDA concluded there was insufficient evidence of effectiveness for chronic insomnia, narcolepsy or opioid withdrawal, and none for the subcutaneous route. Animal: rabbit, rat and cat EEG studies report more delta-wave activity, but findings differ between laboratories and some studies found no effect. No phase 2 or phase 3 trial was identified.

Last verified 2026-09-29 · how we verify

3. G · GlycineG9. E · GlutamateE8. G · GlycineG4. G · GlycineG2. A · AlanineA7. S · SerineS5. D · AspartateD1. W · TryptophanW6. A · AlanineANC

Schematic

  • Water-avoiding
  • Glycine or proline
  • Negative charge
  • Water-loving

Schematic from the amino-acid sequence — not an experimental structure

9 amino acids, one bead each, coloured by type, N-terminus to C-terminus. The chain shape is illustrative; it is not the real 3D shape of DSIP (delta sleep-inducing peptide).

Acts on
No confirmed receptor or molecular target. Animal and cell studies point to an indirect link with the opioid system (naloxone blocks some effects, but DSIP did not displace an opioid ligand from rat brain or human placental membranes in vitro) and to reported release of enkephalins in brain tissue.
Taken as
In every human study FDA identified, DSIP was given by intravenous injection in a clinical or laboratory setting. Animal studies also used direct infusion into the brain ventricles, and intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection. No study of subcutaneous or nasal use in people was identified by FDA. No approved product exists and there is no approved route.
Half-life
Very short. In animals, about 2 to 6 minutes after intravenous injection (dogs 3 to 6 minutes; rats and a monkey about 2 to 3 minutes). FDA's 2026 review also states a plasma half-life of about 8 minutes without naming the species or study, and a half-life of about 5 to 10 minutes when the peptide was kept in human serum in a test tube. No human pharmacokinetic data exist for injection under the skin.[src]
Structure
Linear nonapeptide Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu, formula C35H48N10O15, molecular weight 848.8 g/mol (PubChem CID 68816; INN emideltide).[src]
Discovery
Isolated in 1977 from rabbit cerebral venous blood after thalamic stimulation; the synthetic peptide enhanced EEG delta and spindle activity when infused into rabbit brains.[src]
Half-life in animals
About 4.0 minutes in dogs, 2.9 minutes in a monkey and 2.0 minutes in rats after intravenous injection.[src]

Inside the body

What DSIP (delta sleep-inducing peptide) does, step by step

Watch the 3D journey →
  1. 01Gut

    Digestion breaks it down (cell model)

    Peptides are chains of amino acids, and the gut is built to chop them up. In a lab model of human gut lining, DSIP was broken down fast and did not cross to the other side.

    For experts

    In Caco-2 human intestinal epithelial monolayers, DSIP applied to the apical side was extensively metabolised (about 8% remaining after 2 hours), with Trp as the main metabolite and Trp-Ala as a minor one. Even with aminopeptidase, dipeptidylpeptidase IV and peptidyl dipeptidase A inhibitors, which raised stability to about 95%, no intact DSIP was detected on the basolateral side. This is an in-vitro finding only.[src]

  2. 02Bloodstream

    Cleared from the blood within minutes

    In the human studies the peptide was given straight into a vein. Once in the blood, enzymes chop it into smaller pieces very quickly, so it does not last long.

    For experts

    After intravenous injection, plasma half-life was about 4.0 min in dogs, 2.9 min in a monkey and 2.0 min in rats (Kato 1984, enzyme immunoassay). FDA's review cites human serum half-lives of about 5 to 10 min in vitro, with N-terminal peptidases starting the breakdown, and notes that peptidyl dipeptidase A also cleaves it, so ACE-inhibitor-type drugs could in principle slow its degradation (nonclinical data only). No pharmacokinetic data exist for subcutaneous dosing.[src][src]

  3. 03Brain

    Some reaches the brain (animal and lab data)

    In studies of dogs, rats and sheep tissue, some DSIP got from the blood into the brain or the fluid around it. This has not been shown in people.

    For experts

    FDA's review summarises transport data: in dogs, CSF concentrations peaked about 30 min after an intravenous bolus; in rats, brain tissue concentrations were higher than in controls seconds after a high intravenous dose; and in perfused sheep choroid plexus, radiolabelled DSIP crossed from blood to CSF by a saturable process. Human blood-brain-barrier penetration was not measured in the studies FDA identified.[src]

  4. 04Brain

    Boosts 'deep sleep' brain waves in some animal studies

    When the synthetic peptide was put into rabbit brains, their brain waves showed more of the slow pattern seen in deep sleep. Other animal studies did not agree, so the sleep link is not settled.

    For experts

    Intraventricular infusion of synthetic DSIP in rabbits increased EEG delta and spindle activity, by about 35% in neocortex and limbic cortex versus control (Schoenenberger and Monnier 1977; 1978). Similar effects were reported after intravenous, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous dosing in rabbits, rats and cats. Results are inconsistent: some studies show selective non-REM prolongation, others also REM prolongation, and one group found no delta increase in rats. No DSIP gene, precursor or receptor has been isolated, and a 2006 review described the sleep-factor hypothesis as poorly documented.[src][src][src][src]

  5. 05Brain

    An indirect link to the body's own painkiller system

    A drug that blocks opioid receptors stopped some of DSIP's effects in rats. But DSIP does not stick to those receptors itself. It may instead make brain cells release their own natural painkillers. This is from animal and lab work.

    For experts

    In rats, naloxone prevented the sleep-prolonging effect of intracerebroventricular DSIP, and naloxone also reduced DSIP-induced analgesia in rodents. In vitro, DSIP did not displace [3H]diprenorphine from rat brain or human placental membranes, but it was reported to promote calcium-dependent enkephalin release from several brain regions. FDA notes that this mechanism could theoretically carry reinforcing or abuse potential, which has not been studied.[src]

  6. 06Brain

    In people with chronic insomnia: small studies, weak or unclear results

    A few small studies from the 1980s and 1990s gave DSIP through a vein to people who slept badly. The two best-designed ones found little or weak benefit, and the others were too small or too poorly designed to be sure.

    For experts

    Bes 1992 (n = 16, double-blind, matched-pairs parallel groups, intravenous DSIP versus glucose over three nights) found higher sleep efficiency and shorter sleep latency versus placebo but judged the effects weak, partly due to a chance change in the placebo group, and concluded DSIP is unlikely to be of major therapeutic benefit. FDA's review also describes a second double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study in 6 patients (Monti 1987) with no significant differences from placebo, a 6-person crossover study reporting only tendencies, and small Schneider-Helmert studies without a placebo arm that reported improvements against baseline or external control groups; FDA judged that these could not show clinically meaningful benefit and concluded there was insufficient evidence of effectiveness.[src][src]

  7. 07Brain

    Withdrawal symptoms: open-label reports only

    In the 1980s, doctors in Geneva gave DSIP through a vein to people going through alcohol or opioid withdrawal and reported that many felt better. There was no comparison group, so this cannot show that DSIP worked.

    For experts

    Dick et al. 1984 reported an uncontrolled study in 107 inpatients (47 alcohol, 60 opiate withdrawal), with clinical signs improving markedly in 87% and 97% of evaluable alcohol and opiate patients respectively; anxiety improved more slowly, and headaches were reported by a few. FDA judged the design (no blinding or comparison group, ill-defined population, subjective assessments) unable to support effectiveness, and reported that anxiety and marked insomnia often returned within 24 to 72 hours of stopping.[src][src]

For experts

The detail

DSIP (delta sleep-inducing peptide; INN emideltide) is a linear nonapeptide, H-Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu-OH (C35H48N10O15, 848.8 g/mol; PubChem CID 68816, CAS 62568-57-4). It was isolated in 1977 by the Schoenenberger-Monnier group in Basel from cerebral venous blood dialysate of rabbits given hypnogenic thalamic stimulation; the synthetic peptide raised EEG delta and spindle activity after intraventricular infusion in rabbits, and only the alpha-aspartyl form (not the beta-Asp isomer) was active. It is unmodified: no D-amino acids, lipidation or other half-life engineering. No gene, precursor protein or receptor has been identified, and a 2006 review called the link between DSIP and sleep weakly documented. In animals the peptide crosses the blood-brain barrier and its sleep effects are inconsistent between studies; naloxone blocks some effects, but DSIP does not displace opioid ligands from receptor membranes in vitro, and enkephalin release has been reported in brain tissue. Pharmacokinetics: plasma half-life after intravenous injection is about 2 to 4 minutes in dogs, a monkey and rats (Kato 1984) and about 5 to 10 minutes in human serum in vitro (as cited by FDA), which FDA attributes mainly to rapid breakdown by peptidases starting at the N-terminal end; FDA identified no pharmacokinetic study for subcutaneous use. Human evidence is limited to 1980s to 1990s intravenous studies: small crossover and parallel-group studies in chronic insomnia with inconsistent results (the 16-patient double-blind study of Bes 1992 concluded any benefit was weak), an uncontrolled open-label report in 107 inpatients with alcohol or opiate withdrawal (Dick 1984), a 7-patient open-label opioid detoxification study (Backmund 1998, as summarised by FDA), and a single-patient narcolepsy report. No phase 2 or 3 programme was identified. No regulator among FDA, EMA, MHRA, PMDA, NMPA, TGA or Health Canada has approved a DSIP product that we could verify; there is no USP or NF monograph. FDA evaluated emideltide-related bulk substances at its own initiative for the 503A bulks list after two nominations were withdrawn, proposed not adding them (poor characterisation, insufficient evidence of effectiveness, no subcutaneous-route effectiveness or safety data, immunogenicity and impurity concerns), and the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee narrowly voted against listing (6 to 7, with 1 abstention) on 24 July 2026.

Evidence: Human evidence is small, old and mixed, and all of it used intravenous injection. Chronic insomnia: FDA's 2026 review focused on three studies and also described several other small reports. A 6-person crossover study reported only tendencies toward fewer awakenings and higher sleep efficiency; a 14-person study without a placebo arm (compared with an external matched group) reported shorter time to fall asleep (58.4 to 27.6 minutes) and more total sleep time, but FDA judged its methods poor; and the 16-patient double-blind parallel-group study of Bes 1992 concluded that the statistically significant effects were weak and that short-term treatment is not likely to be of major therapeutic benefit. FDA also noted that a second double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study in 6 patients (Monti 1987) found no significant differences from placebo. Withdrawal: an uncontrolled open-label report in 107 inpatients with alcohol or opiate withdrawal described improved signs and symptoms, but had no comparison group or blinding; FDA also described a 7-patient open-label opioid detoxification study (Backmund 1998) with no comparison group. Narcolepsy: a single-patient case report. FDA concluded there was insufficient evidence of effectiveness for chronic insomnia, narcolepsy or opioid withdrawal, and none for the subcutaneous route. Animal: rabbit, rat and cat EEG studies report more delta-wave activity, but findings differ between laboratories and some studies found no effect. No phase 2 or phase 3 trial was identified.[src][src][src][src][src]

Known safety signals

  • Human safety data are limited to small intravenous studies. FDA counted 209 people given intravenous DSIP for 1 to 15 days across the studies it found, with no significant adverse events reported in chronic insomnia studies. It found no safety data for the subcutaneous route and no reports in its adverse event reporting system through 3 March 2024.[src]
  • In the 107-patient withdrawal report, headache, sweating, nausea and vertigo were noted in some patients, and three had serious effects: two had low blood pressure at the first injection and one had repeated episodes of discomfort with sweating and nausea. FDA said these effects were hard to interpret because withdrawal itself causes similar symptoms.[src]
  • FDA raised concerns that a nine-amino-acid peptide given by injection may cause immune responses, made more likely by aggregation and by peptide-related impurities. It also noted that the free-base form has limited water solubility, which makes formulation unclear. Specific tests for impurities, aggregates and endotoxins were not found in the public literature.[src]
  • Because DSIP may stimulate release of the body's own opioid-like peptides, FDA noted a theoretical risk of reinforcing effects; no studies of abuse potential were found. Drugs that block the enzyme peptidyl dipeptidase A could in principle slow DSIP breakdown (nonclinical data only).[src]
  • Health Canada lists DSIP among unauthorized injectable peptide drugs it has seized. It states that such products are illegal, have not been assessed for safety, efficacy and quality, and may contain too much, too little or none of the active ingredient, unlisted ingredients or contaminants.[src]

Around the world

Is DSIP (delta sleep-inducing peptide) legal where you live?

CountryStatusWhat it meansVerified
AustraliaNot approvedNo DSIP product is on the ARTG. It counts as an unapproved peptide, and advertising or supplying it is likely unlawful.Details →source2026-09-29
BrazilNot approvedNo Brazilian registration for DSIP; the unregistered-peptide rules applyDetails →source2026-09-29
CanadaProhibitedNot authorised; named in Health Canada's April 2026 advisory of seized unauthorised injectablesDetails →source2026-09-29
ChinaNot approvedNo NMPA approval found for DSIP; it cannot lawfully be sold as a medicine in China.Details →source2026-09-29
European UnionNot approvedNo EU marketing authorisation; not listed in EMA or Union Register dataDetails →source2026-09-29
IndiaNot approvedNot approved in India: no CDSCO marketing permission found for DSIP; making or selling it as a medicine would be unapprovedDetails →source2026-09-29
JapanNot approvedNot an approved medicine in Japan; DSIP (delta sleep-inducing peptide) is absent from PMDA's approved-drug lists and package-insert databaseDetails →source2026-09-29
MexicoNot approvedNo registration for DSIP found in COFEPRIS listsDetails →source2026-09-29
New ZealandNot approvedNo Medsafe-approved medicine contains DSIP; it is not named in Medsafe's 2026 peptide advisoryDetails →source2026-09-29
United Arab EmiratesNot approvedNot approved in the UAE: no marketing authorisation for DSIP; unapproved peptide products are under EDE enforcementDetails →source2026-09-29
United KingdomNot approvedDSIP (delta sleep-inducing peptide) is not licensed in the UKDetails →source2026-09-29
United StatesNot approvedNo FDA approval; advisers reviewed emideltide (DSIP) in July 2026 and, per a law-firm report, did not recommend itDetails →source2026-09-29

Recent history

  1. 2026-07-23

    FDA advisory committee votes on seven peptides for the 503A compounding list, against FDA staff advice

  2. 2026-04-15

    FDA removes 12 peptides from the 'Category 2' safety-risk list

Full timeline →

Related molecules

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Sources (52)

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  2. 02Effects of delta sleep-inducing peptide on sleep of chronic insomniac patients. A double-blind studyNeuropsychobiology (via PubMed) · 1992 · accessed 2026-09-29
  3. 03DSIP in the treatment of withdrawal syndromes from alcohol and opiatesEuropean Neurology (via PubMed) · 1984 · accessed 2026-09-29
  4. 04Characterization of a delta-electroencephalogram (-sleep)-inducing peptideProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA (via PubMed) · 1977-03 · accessed 2026-09-29
  5. 05Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): a still unresolved riddleJournal of Neurochemistry (via PubMed) · 2006-04 · accessed 2026-09-29
  6. 06Transport and metabolism of delta sleep-inducing peptide in cultured human intestinal epithelial cell monolayersDrug Metabolism and Disposition (via PubMed) · 1995-12 · accessed 2026-09-29
  7. 07Development of an enzyme immunoassay for delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) and its use in the determination of the metabolic clearance rate of DSIP administered to dogsNeuroendocrinology (via PubMed) · 1984-07 · accessed 2026-09-29
  8. 08The delta EEG (sleep)-inducing peptide (DSIP). XI. Amino-acid analysis, sequence, synthesis and activity of the nonapeptidePflugers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology (via PubMed) · 1978-09-06 · accessed 2026-09-29
  9. 09Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide (PubChem CID 68816)National Center for Biotechnology Information, PubChem · 2026 · accessed 2026-09-29
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