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Semax

Also called ACTH(4-7)PGP, ACTH(4-7)-Pro-Gly-Pro, MEHFPGP, Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro, Semax acetate (salt form).

Semax is a short chain of seven amino acids, built from a piece of a natural stress hormone called ACTH. It is a registered nasal-drop medicine in Russia, where it is used mainly to treat stroke. It is not approved by the US FDA, and no approval by other major regulators was found. Human studies are few, small and mostly in Russian, and most of the lab evidence is from rats.

Semax is not an approved medicine for these uses in most countries. This page explains the science and the law; it does not give dosing, sourcing or usage advice.

How strong is the evidence?

AnecdoteAnimalsHuman trialsApproved
Small human. Small or uncontrolled studies in people.No approval from a major regulator. In Russia semax is a registered drug, and human data come from small, mostly Russian-language studies that are open-label, non-blinded or reported only as abstracts. Examples: 110 post-stroke patients followed for 5 months in subgroups with and without semax (plasma BDNF and Barthel index; the English abstract does not describe blinding or randomisation); 187 patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency; 27 patients with motor neuron disease in an open-label trial (no effect on disease course, some improvement in a quality-of-life score); and a resting-state fMRI study of 14 healthy adults on semax versus 10 on placebo. For the uses nominated in the US (cerebral ischemia, migraine and trigeminal neuralgia), FDA reviewers in 2026 found only two usable clinical references: a meeting abstract without clinical endpoints and one small, uncontrolled, open-label study. They did not assess the Russian-language stroke studies because no English translations were available, and they concluded there was insufficient evidence of effectiveness. Most mechanistic work is in rats and cell cultures (animal-only and cell-only).

Last verified 2026-09-29 · how we verify

3. H · HistidineH4. F · PhenylalanineF2. E · GlutamateE7. P · ProlineP5. P · ProlineP1. M · MethionineM6. G · GlycineGNC

Schematic

  • Water-avoiding
  • Negative charge
  • Positive charge
  • Glycine or proline

Schematic from the amino-acid sequence — not an experimental structure

7 amino acids, one bead each, coloured by type, N-terminus to C-terminus. The chain shape is illustrative; it is not the real 3D shape of Semax.

Acts on
Not fully defined. Specific, saturable membrane binding sites have been described in rat basal forebrain tissue (dissociation constant about 2.4 nM), but the binding molecule has not been identified, BDNF/TrkB and NGF neurotrophin signalling (increased expression in rat brain; animal data), Enkephalin-degrading peptidases (inhibited in vitro, in human serum; IC50 about 10 micromolar)
Taken as
In Russian clinical practice it is given as an intranasal solution (nasal drops), in two strengths. Published human studies have used the intranasal route almost exclusively; FDA reviewers found no human data for subcutaneous injection. This record describes how semax has been studied and registered in Russia, not how anyone should use it.
Chemical identity
Linear heptapeptide Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro; molecular formula C37H51N9O10S; molecular weight 813.93 g/mol (free base); the acetate salt is C39H55N9O12S, 874.0 g/mol[src]
Where it is a registered medicine
Registered in Russia as nasal drops in two strengths; FDA notes it is not a component of any FDA-approved drug and has no monograph in the European, Japanese or International Pharmacopoeias.[src]
US compounding status (September 2026)
On 24 July 2026 (day two of the 23-24 July meeting) the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee voted 8-5 (1 abstention) to recommend adding semax (free base and acetate) to the 503A bulks list, after FDA staff recommended against. The vote is advisory, and adding a substance requires rulemaking that had not been completed in the sources checked[src]
Brain delivery in rats
About 0.093% of an intranasal radiolabelled dose per gram of brain at 2 minutes, of which about 80% was intact semax and the rest metabolites; across the samples, Pro-Gly-Pro was the main breakdown product[src]

Inside the body

What Semax does, step by step

Watch the 3D journey →
  1. 01Elsewhere

    Nose to brain (studied in rats)

    In the rat studies the peptide was dropped into the nose. From the nose lining it is thought to travel along smell nerves towards the brain, and a tiny share reached the brain within minutes. This has been measured in rats, not in people.

    For experts

    After intranasal administration of tritium-labelled semax to rats, about 0.093% of the administered radioactivity per gram of brain was found at 2 minutes, of which about 80% was intact semax (Russian-language paper; FDA's summary of the English version reports about 0.072% of the dose and a peak brain-to-blood ratio of about 0.67). In the studies FDA reviewed, intranasal delivery gave a higher brain fraction and brain-to-blood ratio than intravenous delivery. Direct olfactory-pathway transport is the proposed route. FDA found no human pharmacokinetic study by any route.[src][src]

  2. 02Bloodstream

    Rapid breakdown into smaller pieces

    Body enzymes chop the peptide into smaller pieces quickly. The main piece left is a three-amino-acid fragment, Pro-Gly-Pro. Scientists still debate whether the fragments do some of the work.

    For experts

    In rat blood, brain tissue and basal forebrain cell cultures semax is hydrolysed rapidly, with removal of N-terminal residues (Met-Glu) and Gly-Pro; in rat serum the main enzymes are aminopeptidases and angiotensin-converting enzyme, and Pro-Gly-Pro is the main metabolite in rat blood and brain. The C-terminal Pro-Gly-Pro segment is thought to improve peptidase resistance. Semax itself and Pro-Gly-Pro have partly different effects in ischemia models, so metabolites may contribute to activity. All of these data are from rats or rat-derived material.[src][src][src][src]

  3. 03Brain

    Docking sites in the front of the brain

    In rat brain tissue, the peptide sticks to specific spots on cell surfaces, mostly in a region tied to learning and memory. Nobody has yet found out exactly which molecule it sticks to.

    For experts

    Tritium-labelled semax showed time-dependent, specific, reversible, calcium-dependent binding to rat basal forebrain membranes (Kd 2.4 +/- 1.0 nM; Bmax 33.5 +/- 7.9 fmol/mg protein). The binding protein has not been identified. FDA describes semax, like ACTH(4-10), as lacking the hormonal corticotropic and melanotropic properties of full-length ACTH while keeping neurobehavioural effects. Binding data are from rat tissue only.[src][src]

  4. 04Brain

    Turning up growth-factor genes

    In rats, one nasal application raised levels of BDNF, a protein that helps nerve cells survive and connect. In rats with a stroke-like injury, the peptide switched on several growth-factor genes. This is animal work; whether the same happens in people is not proven.

    For experts

    A single intranasal semax application in rats raised hippocampal BDNF protein up to 1.4-fold and TrkB tyrosine phosphorylation 1.6-fold, with 3-fold and 2-fold increases in exon III Bdnf and TrkB mRNA. In rats with permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion, semax increased transcription of Bdnf, TrkC and TrkA at 3 h and of Nt-3 and Ngf at later times, and affected neurotrophin genes selectively in ischemic cortex. The molecular route by which semax regulates gene expression is unknown. All findings are animal-only.[src][src][src]

  5. 05Brain

    Mood chemicals and pain signals

    In rodents the peptide changes the levels of serotonin and dopamine, two brain messengers that affect mood and movement. It also raised pain thresholds in rats. It made the effects of the stimulant amphetamine stronger in mice, which is one reason regulators want more safety data.

    For experts

    In rodents, systemically injected semax increased striatal 5-HIAA (extracellular up to 180% within 1-4 h) without changing dopamine on its own, but strongly potentiated D-amphetamine-induced striatal dopamine release and locomotion. Rat analgesia was blocked by cyproheptadine (5-HT antagonist) but not naloxone, and in vitro semax inhibited enkephalin-degrading enzymes in human serum (IC50 about 10 micromolar). FDA noted that potentiation of amphetamine-induced dopamine release is a concern and that abuse potential has not been studied. Animal and in vitro findings only.[src][src][src]

  6. 06Bloodstream

    Effects on blood clotting (rats)

    In rats the peptide made the blood break down clots faster and lowered clot size in an experimental clotting test. That could help in a stroke, but it also raises the question of bleeding. This has not been tested properly in people.

    For experts

    Repeated intranasal semax and Pro-Gly-Pro enhanced plasma anticoagulant and fibrinolytic activity (total fibrinolytic activity, plasmin, plasminogen activator), lowered antiplasmin, and reduced thrombus weight in a rat thrombosis model; other rat work reported reduced platelet aggregation. Semax lacked anticoagulant effect in vitro, suggesting metabolites may mediate it. FDA highlighted a possible bleeding risk in people at risk of bleeding or taking drugs that raise bleeding risk; the only human-related report it found was a meeting abstract that did not give full clotting results or make clear whether they were measured in rats or people.[src][src]

  7. 07Brain

    What has been seen in people

    A few small studies in people report changes: more BDNF in the blood of stroke patients taking it, and a change in a brain-scan pattern in healthy volunteers. These studies are too small or too loosely designed to show that the peptide works.

    For experts

    In 110 post-ischemic-stroke patients, subgroups receiving semax showed higher and sustained plasma BDNF and faster Barthel index improvement than those not receiving it (Russian-language journal; the English abstract does not describe randomisation or blinding). In 24 healthy volunteers, resting-state fMRI after intranasal 1% semax (n=14) versus placebo (n=10) showed a larger rostral default-mode-network subcomponent. A retrospective analysis in acute stroke reported changes in blood immune markers (interleukin-10, TNF-alpha, interleukin-8, C-reactive protein) that the authors interpreted as an anti-inflammatory shift; only a brief Russian abstract is available. FDA judged the clinical evidence insufficient.[src][src][src][src]

For experts

The detail

Semax is a synthetic linear heptapeptide, H-Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH (C37H51N9O10S, 813.93 g/mol; CAS 80714-61-0; PubChem CID 9811102). It consists of the ACTH(4-7) fragment (Met-Glu-His-Phe) joined to a C-terminal Pro-Gly-Pro tripeptide that is thought to slow peptidase hydrolysis; it is often loosely described as an ACTH(4-10) analogue. It lacks the corticotropic (adrenal) and melanotropic activity of full-length ACTH but keeps neurobehavioural effects in rodents. Developed at the Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, it is registered in Russia as a nootropic/neuroprotective nasal-drop medicine in two strengths; it is not a component of any FDA-approved drug, no approval by the EMA, MHRA, PMDA, NMPA, TGA or Health Canada was identified in the sources checked, and it has no USP/NF, European, Japanese or International Pharmacopoeia monograph. Its mechanism is not established. In rodents it rapidly raises Bdnf, Ngf and TrkB expression, binds specific membrane sites in the basal forebrain, and alters serotonergic and dopaminergic signalling; it also shows anticoagulant/antithrombotic and analgesic effects in rodents, and inhibits enkephalin-degrading peptidases in vitro. After intranasal delivery to rats it reaches the brain within minutes but is degraded quickly, with Pro-Gly-Pro the main metabolite. FDA reviewers found no human pharmacokinetic data by any route. Clinical evidence consists of small, mostly Russian-language, open-label or non-blinded studies (for example ischemic stroke rehabilitation, cerebrovascular insufficiency, optic neuropathy, motor neuron disease, and one small fMRI study in healthy volunteers); no large randomised placebo-controlled trials were identified. In the US, semax was no longer in the FDA compounding 'Category 2' list by April 2026 (FDA lists its nomination as withdrawn), and on 24 July 2026, the second day of a two-day meeting, the FDA Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee voted 8-5 (1 abstention) to recommend adding it to the 503A bulks list, against the recommendation of FDA staff, who judged the evidence of effectiveness insufficient and the substance not well characterised. That vote is advisory only, and rulemaking has not been completed.

Evidence: No approval from a major regulator. In Russia semax is a registered drug, and human data come from small, mostly Russian-language studies that are open-label, non-blinded or reported only as abstracts. Examples: 110 post-stroke patients followed for 5 months in subgroups with and without semax (plasma BDNF and Barthel index; the English abstract does not describe blinding or randomisation); 187 patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency; 27 patients with motor neuron disease in an open-label trial (no effect on disease course, some improvement in a quality-of-life score); and a resting-state fMRI study of 14 healthy adults on semax versus 10 on placebo. For the uses nominated in the US (cerebral ischemia, migraine and trigeminal neuralgia), FDA reviewers in 2026 found only two usable clinical references: a meeting abstract without clinical endpoints and one small, uncontrolled, open-label study. They did not assess the Russian-language stroke studies because no English translations were available, and they concluded there was insufficient evidence of effectiveness. Most mechanistic work is in rats and cell cultures (animal-only and cell-only).[src][src][src][src][src][src][src]

Known safety signals

  • Human safety data are thin. FDA counted about 33-47 healthy adults, 69 adults with medical conditions and 451 children given intranasal semax across the published references it found; most references did not discuss adverse events, and several combined semax with other treatments. FDA concluded there is insufficient clinical information to characterise its safety profile.[src]
  • Possible bleeding risk: rat studies point to anticoagulant/antithrombotic activity (a meeting abstract that included human subjects did not make clear whether its clotting tests were done in rats or people), and FDA flagged concern for people at risk of bleeding or taking other drugs that raise bleeding risk.[src]
  • In mice, semax strongly increased amphetamine-induced dopamine release and movement in the striatum. FDA noted this pattern is typical of drugs of abuse and that no study of semax's abuse potential was found.[src]
  • Unregulated products are poorly characterised. FDA found inconsistent naming (free base versus acetate salt), no public data on impurity limits, aggregates, endotoxin or microbial load, and raised immunogenicity concerns for injectable or nasal products made from unverified material.[src]
  • Only one adverse-event report was found in FDA's FAERS database through 3 December 2025: a consumer reported eye pain and burning, with hospitalisation, after using a nasal product obtained online. A single report cannot show cause.[src]
  • No repeat-dose toxicity, genotoxicity or reproductive-toxicity studies of semax were identified by FDA reviewers, so those risks are unstudied rather than shown to be absent.[src]

Around the world

Is Semax legal where you live?

CountryStatusWhat it meansVerified
AustraliaNot approvedNo semax product is on the ARTG. It counts as an unapproved peptide, and advertising or supplying it is likely unlawful.Details →source2026-09-29
BrazilNot approvedNo Anvisa registration for Semax; a medical council warns against injectable useDetails →source2026-09-29
CanadaProhibitedNot authorised; named in Health Canada's 2025 Canada Peptide seizure noticeDetails →source2026-09-29
ChinaNot approvedNo NMPA approval found for Semax; it cannot lawfully be sold as a medicine in China.Details →source2026-09-29
European UnionNot approvedNo EU marketing authorisation; not listed in EMA or Union Register dataDetails →source2026-09-29
IndiaNot approvedNot approved in India: no CDSCO marketing permission found for Semax; making or selling it as a medicine would be unapprovedDetails →source2026-09-29
JapanNot approvedNot an approved medicine in Japan; Semax is absent from PMDA's approved-drug lists and package-insert databaseDetails →source2026-09-29
MexicoNot approvedNo registration for semax found in COFEPRIS lists; approved only in RussiaDetails →source2026-09-29
New ZealandNot approvedNo Medsafe-approved medicine contains Semax; Medsafe's advisory lists a misspelt 'seamax'Details →source2026-09-29
United Arab EmiratesNot approvedNot approved in the UAE: no marketing authorisation found for Semax; unapproved peptide products are under EDE enforcementDetails →source2026-09-29
United KingdomNot approvedSemax is not licensed in the UKDetails →source2026-09-29
United StatesNot approvedNo FDA approval; an advisory panel voted in July 2026 to recommend considering it for the 503A list, but FDA has not actedDetails →source2026-09-29

Recent history

  1. 2026-07-23

    FDA advisory committee votes on seven peptides for the 503A compounding list, against FDA staff advice

  2. 2026-04-15

    FDA removes 12 peptides from the 'Category 2' safety-risk list

Full timeline →

Related molecules

SelankEpitalonMelanotan II

Sources (59)

  1. 01FDA Briefing Document for Semax-Related Bulk Drug Substances (Semax (free base) and Semax acetate), Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee meeting, July 23-24, 2026U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2026-05 · accessed 2026-09-29
  2. 02The efficacy of semax in the treatment of patients at different stages of ischemic strokeZhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova (PubMed) · 2018 · accessed 2026-09-29
  3. 03Semax in prevention of disease progress and development of exacerbations in patients with cerebrovascular insufficiencyZhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova (PubMed) · 2005 · accessed 2026-09-29
  4. 04The study of chronic partial denervation and quality of life in patients with motor neuron disease treated with semaxZhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova (PubMed) · 2007 · accessed 2026-09-29
  5. 05Effects of Semax on the Default Mode Network of the BrainBulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine (PubMed) · 2018-09 · accessed 2026-09-29
  6. 06Evaluation of therapeutic effect of new Russian drug semax in optic nerve diseaseVestnik Oftalmologii (PubMed) · 2000 · accessed 2026-09-29
  7. 07Development of Peptide Biopharmaceuticals in RussiaPharmaceutics (PubMed Central) · 2022-03-27 · accessed 2026-09-29
  8. 08Kinetics of Semax penetration into the brain and blood of rats after its intranasal administrationBioorganicheskaia Khimiia (PubMed) · 2006-01 · accessed 2026-09-29
  9. 09Degradation of the ACTH(4-10) analog Semax in the presence of rat basal forebrain cell cultures and plasma membranesAmino Acids (PubMed) · 2006-06 · accessed 2026-09-29
  10. 10Semax and Pro-Gly-Pro activate the transcription of neurotrophins and their receptor genes after cerebral ischemiaCellular and Molecular Neurobiology (PubMed) · 2010-01 · accessed 2026-09-29
  11. 11Semax, an analogue of adrenocorticotropin (4-10), binds specifically and increases levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein in rat basal forebrainJournal of Neurochemistry (PubMed) · 2006-04 · accessed 2026-09-29
  12. 12Semax, an analog of ACTH(4-10) with cognitive effects, regulates BDNF and trkB expression in the rat hippocampusBrain Research (PubMed) · 2006-10 · accessed 2026-09-29
  13. 13Semax, an ACTH(4-10) analogue with nootropic properties, activates dopaminergic and serotoninergic brain systems in rodentsNeurochemical Research (PubMed) · 2005-12 · accessed 2026-09-29
  14. 14Semax and selank inhibit the enkephalin-degrading enzymes from human serumBioorganicheskaia Khimiia (PubMed) · 2001-05 · accessed 2026-09-29
  15. 15Comparative study of modulatory effects of Semax and primary proline-containing peptides on hemostatic reactionsBulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine (PubMed) · 2001-07 · accessed 2026-09-29
  16. 16Investigation of mechanisms of neuro-protective effect of semax in acute period of ischemic strokeZhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova (PubMed) · 1999 · accessed 2026-09-29
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  19. 19ARTG keyword search for 'semax' (33 loose-match results, all pages checked; none is a semax product)Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) · 2026-09-29 · accessed 2026-09-29
  20. 20Understanding your responsibilities when importing, compounding and supplying unapproved peptide productsTherapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) · 2026-04-13 · accessed 2026-09-29
  21. 21TGA strengthens compliance focus on unapproved peptide products as part of evolving risk responseTherapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) · 2026-06-10 · accessed 2026-09-29
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