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GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide)

GIP is a second gut hormone, released after meals, that tells the pancreas to make insulin when blood sugar is high. It works alongside GLP-1. Some newer medicines are designed to act on the GIP receptor as well as the GLP-1 receptor.

For experts

GIP is an incretin secreted by K cells of the upper small intestine. In people with type 2 diabetes its insulinotropic effect on the pancreas is substantially reduced, whereas the effects of GLP-1 are largely preserved. GIP and GLP-1 also act on adipose tissue, bone and the cardiovascular system. Single molecules that activate more than one receptor are now in use: tirzepatide, for example, is labelled as a GIP receptor and GLP-1 receptor agonist.

Sources (4)

  1. 01Incretin hormones: Their role in health and diseaseDiabetes, Obesity and Metabolism (indexed in PubMed, NCBI/NLM) · 2018-02 · accessed 2026-09-29
  2. 02Pharmacology, physiology, and mechanisms of incretin hormone actionCell Metabolism (indexed in PubMed, NCBI/NLM) · 2013-06-04 · accessed 2026-09-29
  3. 03Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Application of Glucagon-like Peptide-1Cell Metabolism (indexed in PubMed, NCBI/NLM) · 2018-04-03 · accessed 2026-09-29
  4. 04MOUNJARO (tirzepatide) injection, solution - FDA-approved prescribing informationU.S. National Library of Medicine, DailyMed · 2026-09-02 · accessed 2026-09-29